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Did the conflict become defined differently over time? How?
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Dick Salem
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
I took their agenda items and then I
rewrote and organized it for clarity. I started with some simple, easy to resolve issues including
those where I knew the inmates would win. Censorship matters, food issues, creature comfort
matters. I put some of the heavy duty ones further down. I wanted them to see they could reach
agreement on some issues. Pretty standard text.
Along the way, the Italian American group could not come up with
anything meaningful for its portion of the agenda. They wanted sick leave for the work program.
That was their issue, sick leave. That’s all they could think. Their leader said, "We really
don’t have anything here,” and during the course of the mediation, the Italian Americans
acknowledged they weren’t a culture group. They had no issues and they were beginning to
feel awkward. It didn’t really manifest itself until later at the table when they basically said,
"We’re dissolving, because we have no reason to be here.” While listening to others at the
table, they came to understand and appreciate the plight of the racial minority groups, and they
didn’t want to be there.
Stephen Thom
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
The bottom line for whom?
Answer:
For the tribal council.
Question:
Is that what they were seeking?
Answer:
That's what they were seeking. We recognized that they were pushing for some way to
guarantee this change of attitude, because we had reached an impasse. It was like, we've settled
all these issues, yet you're not coming to closure on this. Why are you holding out?
Question:
They brought this to the table?
Answer:
They didn't bring it out as such.
Question:
So they brought it to you? Or you perceived it?
Answer:
Well, we knew something was holding up this mediation because we had all the negotiation
points: who's going to arrest, how do you contact the tribal police, who has jurisdiction, when, all
the fine tune points for what a process or protocol to address their tribal concerns were, so that
there was mutual agreement as to how Native American arrests would be handled by the town in
conjunction with tribal police. We even negotiated things like, when they had to make an arrest,
they would call the tribal police and the tribal police would work in conjunction with city police
to do the arrest. They reached a number of agreements along those line. And yet, when it came
down to. "Is there anything else, are you willing to sign this agreement?" there was this "No" by
the tribal council. We couldn't figure out what it was, what more do
we have to add to this? That's when we realized that there was more to it, they were really
troubled by this distrust and attitude of the police.
Question:
How did you get that realization? Did they say something to you? Was it your insight?
Answer:
I think it was more of our insight. They didn't say it. It was just not said. It was like, "We
were holding the whole mediation process hostage because there's something that you haven't
resolved." We didn't realize what it was. They didn't say it. They wouldn't sign and they
wouldn't say why. We couldn't move it. I don't think they wanted to say.
Question:
So what did you do?
Answer:
We went through this impasse period of trying to sort it out.
Stephen Thom
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
The real motivation for the
conflict was believed to be the lack of recognition of ethnic celebrations. Once two students get
involved in a dispute other students join in because they feel a sense of allegiance to their ethnic
group. That's really what gives that flavor of a racial disturbance. But in fact, what was the real
cause is very rarely totally race. A lot of times it's gang instigated, because a lot of recruitment
goes on through playing off on race. In this instance, you could observe the way they threw the
bottles at each other. Did you ever play the game where you toss balloons, and you see who can
go the farthest before it breaks? That's the way they were throwing these bottles at each other.
The bottles weren't being thrown at a straight level, they were tossing them very high so that the
other side could really catch it and throw it back. So it was disturbing in the sense that you had
bottles being thrown at each other, but it wasn't malicious in a sense that they were really out to
hurt each other, and they happen to be African American and Latino. And then when I saw the
kids disperse when the police came in, nobody was hitting anybody. Even if two students of
different racial groups were caught facing each other alone, they didn't bother each other, they
just kept going.
| Angel Alderete
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
Have
you ever been involved in a case where the issues kept on changing and maybe expanding over
time?
Answer:
The problems getting worse?
Question:
Or people started talking about one thing and then were bringing in more things.
Answer:
No, once they agreed to deal with given issues, we tried not to let them continually expand.
That doesn't do any good. It makes it so you just can't handle it. So no, I can't remember any.
I've seen situations where it came to the point where Latinos and
African Americans split, and this is over the goodies, as in Fresno county. It started out with a
mutual concern over Fresno State University developing a community radio station. The
problem was that the minority community wasn't given voice in terms of how it was going to be
developed. Everybody else was given that voice. So they got together and they started raising
that issue and we were called down there to help them get together with the administration.
So initially the Latinos and the African Americans confronted the station with our on-site help.
As things went by and the discussions went on, that administration soon saw that the African
Americans had a better grasp on the politics of that situation. We also saw that the Latinos were
concerned. The group was very small and so the university began to cater to the African
American community. The Latinos saw this and tried to get back with the African American
community, but the African American community saw what the school was doing, so they went
for that. So that caused the split. In the end, nobody got anything because they were supposed
to have a coalition of people being able to provide things. But since that part of the situation
didn't occur, people just ran away. Eventually, when they developed that radio station, the
school just went ahead and on their own, developed an advisory group and developed and hired
people, but not through us and not through the original coalition. They said, "Hey, we can't work
with these folks. The Latinos pulled out and so we're just left with African Americans. We're
going to be accused of all sorts of things." So that's how everybody lost out.
Question:
So now what is happening?
Answer:
Now they've got a broad representation, but they went with another level of people. Not the
grassroots types, but the more agency-influenced types, the more professional types, that's who
they went with. Probably, that was good because the grassroots types started something and then
the professional types got to become advisory people. I never sensed any anger on the part of the
African Americans or the Latinos because they had started it and then weren't chosen, because
the fact still
remained that African Americans and Latinos were selected. At the time, the Asians didn't play
as
much of a part as they do now. The point is that they got what they wanted in one sense,
but they didn't get what they wanted up here when the situation broke out. We went up when the
split
occurred, and at that point, we just really couldn't bring
them back together. In fact, the Latinos said, "To hell with them, we
don't want to cooperate with them." So they pulled back.
Efrain Martinez
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
Did the conflicts ever change over
time with the way in which you were involved in the case? You sat
down with the parties and you had come up with a game plan that
you think would work. They came up with a game plan suitable for
the conflict, but over time, over a month or two, did other
conflicts arise?
Answer:
Yeah. Things change, everything is fluid. What's possible now
may not be possible tomorrow, and vice versa. But if you can
help them create a vehicle that can deal with that conflict, they
will be able to deal with the current conflict and any nuances
that might come up later. Now they have the vehicle to do that.
It's their vehicle that they're going to own and operate. It's
not my vehicle, it's their vehicle, and just use it and understand
how it could be adaptable."
Dick Salem
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
The main issue remaining was the reservation.
The American Indians wanted a reservation within St. Cloud. They knew it would not be
allowed, but in lieu of a reservation, they wanted to be able to provide their own Indian
counselors when an Indian inmate was in trouble. So a guy could be taken from his cell and
counsel his friend or the other inmate. The corrections officers absolutely refused to consider the
matter. They drew their line. "That’s our job, we are correctional counselors.” And the
administration stood with them.
Question:
Stood with who?
Answer:
The guards. Now the Indians, I think, the leadership knew they would not get a break on
their reservation. They knew better. But not because they didn't have an eloquent plea. And the
sad part is that the guards or administrators were unable to come up with a single argument
against the proposal for peer counselors.
Dick Salem
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
The last issue, and we were saving this one, was the Inmate/Staff Advisory Council,
ISAC, that would be established to deal with future problems on any matters unresolved from our
agenda. ISAC would be there, and the question was who would be represented. Everybody
agreed the culture groups should have representation. Nobody felt they shouldn’t have special
representation. Every cell block plus culture groups. That’s when the Italian leader said, not
the Italians. He understood. He'd grown some in that process and there was a lot of that kind of
transformation. An angry Hispanic inmate said to Charlie Davenport, the associate director who
was viewed as compassionate and a friend of the inmate, "You don't even know my birthday.
You don't care about me. You deserted me, you took a promotion to be associate director. You
used to handle programs, now you're associate director. You deserted me. You don't care about
me. You don't even know my birthday." That was a stinger. People saw how they were seen.
So they set up ISAC, and the big controversy was if there is a reorganization of the institution,
will they still permit the inmate groups to come together in culture groups? The answer was yes.
The administration yielded on that critical issue. That was a big concession, but it also was the
last issue.
Silke Hansen
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
Did the conflict ever change over the duration of this case?
Answer:
Not really, I think the issues were made pretty consistent.
| Bob Ensley
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
Many times it's not the problem
itself, it's so many underlying problems that if you're not careful you'll be responding to one
thing when really it's another. And then you have to listen to what people are saying, and many
times pay attention to what's being said. A lot of times people say things that will get them in a
great deal of trouble afterwards.
Will Reed
[Full Interview] [Topic Top]
Now, the issue of suicide, how do you deal with that? How do you work with
that? To be honest with you, I didn't. I didn't have to. I was let off the hook during the
mediation process,
because the Indians understood that I was a resource. They didn't want to fowl me up by pressing
that
issue, so Alice told the rest of them, "Shut up and don't press this issue." Even I began to wonder
why she
wouldn't discuss the issue of suicide, because a lot of people were saying this guy was killed by
the police,
and there she was trying to prevent it.
We sat at the table in mediation for four days. On one side we had Alice, the C.A.P. director,
we
had the Indian tribal organization leader for this group, we had the inter-agency Indian
organization
involved, and we had a representative from the America-Indian Movement. We had all these
people
sitting at the table. And she had control and respect. She was so respected by all of them, that
they listened. When she said, "Don't mention suicide," or "don't mention this hanging," they
didn't.
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